Barometer Definition and Function (Science)

The barometer, thermometer, and anemometer are important meteorology instruments. Learn about the invention of the barometer, how it works, and how its used to forecast weather. Barometer Definition A barometer is a device that measures atmospheric pressure. The word barometer comes from the Greek words for weight and measure. Changes in atmospheric pressure recorded by barometers are most often used in meteorology for forecasting weather. Invention of the Barometer Usually youll see  Evangelista Torricelli credited with inventing the barometer in 1643,  French scientist Renà © Descartes described an experiment to measure atmospheric pressure in 1631 and Italian scientist  Gasparo Berti constructed a water barometer between 1640 and 1643. Bertis barometer consisted of a long tube filled with water and plugged at both ends. He placed the tube upright in a container of water and removed the bottom plug. Water flowed from the tube into the basin, but the tube did not completely empty. While there may be disagreement over who invented the first water barometer, Torricelli is certainly the inventor of the first mercury barometer. Types of Barometers There are several types of mechanical barometer, plus now there are numerous digital barometers. Barometers include: water-based barometers - most often consists of a sealed glass ball that is half-filled with water. The body of the ball connects below the water level to a narrow spout, which rises above the water level and is open to the air. The water level of the spout rises when atmospheric pressure is lower than it was when the glass ball was sealed and drops when air pressure exceeds the pressure when the ball was sealed. While not particularly precise, this is a simple type of barometer easily constructed at home or in a lab.mercury barometers - uses a glass tube that is closed at one end, standing in a mercury-filled reservoir that is open to air. A mercury barometer works on the same principle as the water barometer, but is much easier to read and more sensitive than a water barometer.vacuum pump oil barometers - liquid barometer that uses vacuum pump oil, which has an extremely low vapor pressureaneroid barometers - type of barometer which does not use liquid to measure pressure, instead relying on expansion or contraction of a flexible metal capsulebarographs - uses an aneroid barometer to move a pen or needle to make a graph of pressure changesmicroelectromechanical systems (MEMS) barometersstorm glasses  or Goethe barometersmartphone barometers How Barometric Pressure Relates To Weather Barometric pressure is a measure of the weight of the atmosphere pressing down on the Earths surface. High atmospheric pressure means there is a downward force, pressure air down. As air moves down, it warms up, inhibiting the formation of clouds and storms. High pressure typically signifies fair weather, particularly if the barometer registers a lasting high pressure reading. When barometric pressure drops, this means air can rise. As it rises, it cools and is less able to hold moisture. Cloud formation and precipitation becomes favorable. Thus, when a barometer registers a drop in pressure, clear weather may be giving way to clouds. How To Use a Barometer While a single barometric pressure reading wont tell you too much, you can use a barometer to forecast changes in the weather by tracking readings throughout the day and over the course of several days. If the pressure holds steady, weather changes are unlikely. Dramatic changes in pressure are associated with changes in the atmosphere. If pressure suddenly drops, expect storms or precipitation. If pressure rises and stabilizes, youre more likely to see fair weather. Keep a record of barometric pressure and also wind speed and direction to make the most accurate forecasts. In the modern era, few people own storm glasses or large barometers. However, most smart phones are able to record barometric pressure. A variety of free apps are available, if one doesnt come with the device. You can use the app to relate atmospheric pressure to weather or you can track the changes in pressure yourself to practice home forecasting. References Strangeways, Ian.  Measuring the Natural Environment. Cambridge University Press, 2000, p. 92.The Invention of the Barometer, Weather Doctors Weather People and History, retrieved October 6, 2015.

An Analysis Of Brandon Knowlen s Campaign Advertisement...

Taylor Schori Professor Jung English 101 5 October 2015 How One Person’s Diet...Can Kill Us All. A Rhetorical Analysis of Brandon Knowlen’s Campaign Advertisement Sequence â€Å"Obesity is Suicide† for The Northern Bariatric Surgery Institute Intro: Sausage Paragraph: According to the National Institutes of Health, â€Å"Obesity and overweight together are the second leading cause of preventable death in the United States. An estimated 300,000 deaths per year are due to the obesity epidemic.† When people become severely overweight it affects every part of their body. In this first ad, the method of self-slaughter is hanging, or asphyxiation. The two systems that are most greatly affected by both obesity and asphyxiation alike, are the cardiovascular and respiratory system. Under the weight of their own bodies, it is difficult for the lungs to function properly taking in oxygen and pumping oxygenated blood through the body. Having an excessive amount of intra-abdominal, or belly fat â€Å"affects your blood pressure; your blood lipid levels and interferes with your ability to use insulin effectively. You use insulin to process glucose derived from food, our body s primary fuel. If you cannot use insulin properly you may develop diabetes, a risk factor of cardiovascular disease.† The cardiovascular system suffers greatly due to the increase of fat in the body; coronary artery disease, congestive heart failure, and other cardiac diseases are very common causes of death in the obese

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease in Society

Question: Discuss about the Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease in Society. Answer: Introduction The chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is a disease that affects the lungs and makes it difficult for an individual to breathe. This disease occurs due to poor airflow in the lungs for a long period of time especially due to smoking. This often occurs as two diseases which are: chronic bronchitis and Emphysema. In a normal human being, the air lungs contain air sacs. As one breathes in and out, the air sacs get big and narrow and due to this process, they help air in moving through the lungs. Emphysema affects the ability of these air sacs to stretch (Abbas, 2016). This will result in shortness of breath as the only little amount of air gets into the lungs. The other disease, which is chronic bronchitis, is characterized by inflamed airways creating a massive production of mucus leading to their blockage and can make it hard for a person to breath. When one is suffering from chronic bronchitis, he or she experiences a cough for almost three months a year for almost two years. The two diseases result to difficulty in breathing (Alif, 2016). Pathophysiology is the study of body changes due to an injury or a disease (Alif, Dharmage, Dennekamp, Burgess, Perret Thomas, 2016). COPD causes the breakage of the tissues in the lungs, this is what is known as emphysema. It is characterized by poor airflow to the lungs. When the small airways are destroyed, bullae, which are large pockets of air, are created in the place of lung tissues leading to a disease known as bulbous emphysema. When one is suffering, from COPD there is an inflammatory response, and also the development of infections from the bacteria (Kirby, 2016).The inflammation occurs in the macrophages and neutrophil granulocytes, This is the white cells of the blood. COPD is a disease that worsens as time progresses. A person's daily activities such as climbing stairs and walking become difficult. The main symptoms are a long lasting cough, sputum, and difficulty in breathing (Bhowmick, 2016). Short of breath can even be seen while carrying out simple activities such as cooking or dressing. The common cause of this disease is smoking of tobacco. Taking in air that is polluted from chemicals, staying in poorly ventilated rooms, cooking oils can lead to the disease of the lungs. In the less developed countries, air pollution comes from cooling fuels and poorly vented heat. Exposure to pollution by these irritants leads to inflammation of the lungs. This results to the breakdown of lung tissues and small airways (DeMao, 2016). The most common signs and symptoms of this disease are a lack of breath, production of sputum and a long-term productive cough (Donaldson, 2016). The first sign to be experienced is a long productive cough. This cough goes for over three months annually for two years. There is the production of sputum. Chronic bronchitis can occur even before the COPD fully develops. Sputum is produced in different amounts over the hours and the days. In other individuals, a cough may be present occasionally but is not productive (Enright, 2016). One can confuse a COPD cough with cough of a smoker. Coughing vigorously can lead to fractures of the ribs or loss of consciousness for a small period of time. A person suffering from COPD can experience difficulty while breathing. This symptom worsens over time and in the worst cases, it can occur occasionally for the rest of a person's life. Shortness of breath creates anxiety and can lead to poor quality life. Patients with this symptoms aid their breathing through pursed lips. When the symptoms get worse or flare up, according to (Ghosh, 2016) this is known as an exacerbation. It can either be acute or chronic. Acute exacerbation is characterized by the shortness of the breath, which increases over time. There is also an increase in the production of sputum, the sputum also changes from yellow to green color (Hilzendeger, 2016).Other signs include the increase in the heart rate, breathing, increase in sweat and confusion are the severe symptoms of an exacerbation. Exacerbation is usually brought by air pollution or the wrong use of medicines (Apps, Mukherjee, Abbas, Minter, Whitfield, Field Ateli, 2016). Cold temperature is also a cause of this condition. This is a type of medication that is inhaled by the patient. There are mainly two types of bronchodilators: anticholinergic and agonists. They can be found in short-acting and long-acting forms. There are used in order to wheeze, reduce difficulties in breathing and limit exercises. This often leads to improvement of quality life. However, it has not yet been known whether it changes the progression of this disease. For those who are suffering from the acute form of the disease, they are recommended to take short-acting agents. While those that are suffering more from the disease should use a long-lasting agent. These long-acting agents work by improving the hyperinflation. If the long acting bronchodilators are not enough, corticosteroids should be added (Loncatore, 2016).Examples of short acting agents are terbutaline and Ventolin. This disease provides relief to a patient for about four to six hours. The side effects of this medicine include heart palpitations and shaking. The two types of ant cholinergic that are used in treating COPD: that is tiotropium and ipratropium. Ipratropium is a type of a short-acting agent while tiotropium a long-lasting agent. Tiotropium can lead to improved life and decrease in exacerbation. This does not affect mortality or the rate of hospitalization. These two medicines can lead to urinary tract diseases or dry mouth. The patients that suffer from low oxygen levels should be provided with supplement oxygen. This leads to the decrease of death and heart failure for at least fifteen hours per day. This may also lead to the patients ability to carry out exercises. For the patients that are suffering from mild levels of oxygen, supplementation of oxygen can lead to improvement breath while the individual is exercising. However, it may not lead to the improvement of the patient breathing while carrying out normal activities. If the individual continues smoking while on oxygen supplement, they are at the risk of catching fire and benefiting from this oxygen. When one has an acute exacerbation, there are chances that oxygen is the best therapy (Mehary, 2016). High amounts of oxygen should not be used since they can increase the levels of carbon dioxide. This medicine is use in an inhaling form. It is also available in tablet form. It is used in treating the acute form of COPD. They lack effect on one year use. It is, however, hard to determine whether they reduce the disease from progressing. They can also lead to pneumonia for both the tablets and inhaled steroids. For the individuals who are suffering from the severe form of this disease, surgery can be an option. This can include reduction of the volume of the lungs and lung transplant. Reduction of the volume of the lungs involves the removal of the parts of the lungs that have been mostly affected by emphysema. This is done so as to allow the best part of the lungs to function much better. If emphysema has only affected the upper part of the lungs, the reduction can be carried out. This, however, increases the risk of death that can occur early or lead to adverse effects. Individuals, who are suffering from severe lung disease, require lung transplant (Treibal, 2016). Taking care of a person who is suffering from COPD at home comes with a number of responsibilities. When a person is suffering from COPD, their loved ones and family members have the responsibility of learning about the disease. Home-based care can also involve the nurses, they are important as they can help in carrying out spirometry testing and reversibility testing. The nurses help the patient and their family on how to handle the disease. The nurses are involved mostly on how they should help the patients to use medications correctly such as the use of inhalers. This involves nutrition counseling, exercises that have been prescribed by the doctor and educating about the disease. Rehabilitation can lead to the increment of strength; improve the quality of the patients life and reducing the symptoms that are brought by this disease. Before a patient is discharged, the health officials should ensure that there is someone who has the responsibility of allowing the patient to undergo rehabilitation. The loved ones should also attend these rehabs with the patients. Help with the medications Before Bill is discharged, the health professionals should ensure that there is someone who is responsible for helping the patient in taking their medicines. They should ensure that they create a chart that is responsible for knowing whether they have taken each medicine, the right dosage and at the right time of the day. This is very important since the patient may be needed to take a number of medications according to the nature of his disease. The doctors should ensure that there is a person who can accompany the patient suffering from COPD to the doctors appointments, this is important as he or she can help them remember what the doctor said. The loved ones are also responsible for asking questions on behalf of the patient. They can also get a chance to learn how medicines that have been described to the patient can be used. This includes inhalers, nebulizer and oxygen supplements The professionals should teach the caregivers on what to look for when the patient is suffering from severe symptoms of an exacerbation and when they should call the doctors. These signs include tiredness, lack of breath that can lead to a person sleeping badly, increased mucus, swelling of the hands and legs, cramping of muscles and coughing that leads to chest pains. Caring for these patients at home can be challenging. A caregiver should, therefore, follow the doctors instruction and encourage the patients to take medications so as to improve the quality of ones life. The community offers the patient with support groups that are important in helping the patient in managing the disease and also helps them in smoking cessation, exercise, medical tests, supplement oxygen and breathing exercises. The community can also offer funds that are used in treating this disease such as inhalers. For a person suffering from COPD, there should be less or no exposure to air pollution. The community has the responsibility of keeping the environment clean (Bhowmik, Tadique, Graham, Hodson Rajakulasingam, 2016). Before a bill is discharged, he should be taught the meaning of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, the cause of this disease, signs, and symptoms of COPD, how the disease is treated, and whether after treatment the disease will go away (Peinado, 2016). Conclusion COPD has no cure. However, the symptoms can be treated so as to avoid the progression of the disease. Managing of this disease is meant to reduce the risk factors o as to treat exacerbation. It is also mean for managing illnesses that are associated with this condition (Huang, 2016). A patient with this condition should stop smoking and should receive an influenza vaccination once per year, another vaccination known as pneumococcal once per five years. They should also avoid air pollution. The people who are suffering from the chronic condition of this disease should be kept under palliative care. This may work to reduce symptoms and improve the breathing of the patient. In this case, patients that suffer from COPD should be managed in a primary healthcare. However, there is a big challenge in treating these patients due to poor technology and a high number of patients. When a patient has been diagnosed with COPD the patient should take treatment and carry out a number of functions s o as to reduce the impact of the disease on their lives. This includes exercise, stop smoking, eat a nutritious diet, learn about the disease and its treatment and consider home-based care. References Apps, M., Mukherjee, D., Abbas, S., Minter, J., Whitfield, J., Field, S., ...Ateli, L. (2016). A Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) Service Integrating Community And Hospital Services Can Improve Patient Care And Reduce Hospital Stays. In A41. THE Spectrum Copd Care: FROM Identification To Policy (pp. A1523-A1523). American Thoracic Society. Alif, S. M., Dharmage, S. C., Benke, G., Dennekamp, M., Burgess, J., Perret, J. L., ... Thomas, P. S. (2016). Lifetime Occupational Exposure To Vapor, Gases/Fumes, Dust And Risk Of COPD At 45 Years: The Tasmanian Longitudinal Health Study (TAHS). In B24.OCCUPATIONAL MEDICINE (pp. A2989-A2989).American Thoracic Society. Bhowmik, A., Tadique, A., Graham, L., Hodson, M., Rajakulasingam, R. (2016).Lung function, symptoms and prescription of inhaled steroids and long acting 2 agonists in patients managed by an integrated COPD team. DeMeo, D. L., Han, M. K., Regan, E. A., Yadao, A., Kavati, A., Vegesna, A., ... Make, B. J. (2016). Gender Differences By Age In Symptoms, Airflow Limitation, Exacerbation Risk And GOLD Combined Assessment Among Subjects With COPD In COPDGene Cohort. In B105. COPD: Epidemiology And Genetics (pp. A4448-A4448). American Thoracic Society. Donaldson, Gavin C., Beverly Kowlessar, Raymond Sapsford, Anant RC Patel, Alexander J. Mackay, Richa Singh, and Jadwiga A. Wedzicha. "Influenza Vaccination In COPD Patients-No Detectable Changes In Lung Function, Systemic Or Airway Inflammatory Markers." In D38. COPD: Physiologic Evaluation, pp. A6857-A6857. American Thoracic Society, 2016. Enright, P. L. (2016). Oxygen desaturation during a 6-min walk identifies a COPD phenotype with an increased risk of morbidity and mortality. Ghosh, B., Agarwal, A., Gaike, A., Bhute, S., Kumbhare, S., Pyasi, K., ... Donnelly, L. (2016). Quantitative analysis of potentially pathogenic microbes (PPMs) in the induced sputum of non-smoker COPD (NS-COPD) subjects. Hilzendeger, C., Da Silva, J., Schleich, F. N., Corhay, J. L., Edwards, M. R., Johnston, S. L., Louis, R. (2016). Reduction Of Interferon-Stimulated Genes In COPD Prone To Exacerbation. In B43. COPD: Phenotypes And Clinical Outcomes (pp. A3516-A3516). American Thoracic Society. Huang, J., Attwe, A., Marcos, E., Amsellem, V., Breau, M., Kebe, K., ... Bernard, D. (2016). Genetic Inactivation Of The Phospholipase A2 Receptor (PLA2R1) Protects Against Lung Cell Senescence In Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD). In A70.THE GOOD, THE BAD, AND THE UGLY OF AGING (pp. A2325-A2325).American Thoracic Society. Kirby, M., Tan, W. C., Hague, C., Leipsic, J., Bourbeau, J., Hogg, J. C., Coxson, H. (2016). CT Total Airway Count Explains Airflow Limitation In COPD Patients Without Emphysema. In C48. COPD: IMAGING (pp. A5202-A5202). American Thoracic Society. Locantore, N., Celli, B., Agusti, A., Lomas, D., Silverman, E. K., Wouters, E. F., ...Calverley, P. M. (2016). The BODE Index And BODE Plus Biomarkers As Predictors Of Long-Term Survival In COPD. In B42. COPD: BIOMARKERS (pp. A3482-A3482). American Thoracic Society. Lainscak, M., Schols, A., Farkas, J., Sulz, I., Themessl-Huber, M., Laviano, A., ... Schindler, K. (2016). Weight loss, food intake and mortality in hospitalized patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD): The NutritionDay survey analysis. Meharry, R., Anderson, D. (2016). Assessing symptom burden in patients with advanced COPDIs CAT enough?. Treibel, T. A., Duca, F., Schwitter, J., Ide, S., Sandrini, C., Fridman, Y., ... Hilbert, S. (2016). Abstracts1575Extracellular volume associates with outcomes more strongly than native or post-contrast myocardial T11507Cardiac Magnetic Resonance measured Extracellular Volume Independently Predicts Adverse Outcome in Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction1457Cardiac MRI Under Percussive Ventilation: A New Promising Technique1644Histological Validation of Cardiac Magnetic Resonance for the Evaluation of Myocardial Fibrosis after Heart Transplantation in Children1493First Pass Perfusion Reserve .... Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging, 17(suppl 1), i1-i80. Peinado, V. I., Garcia-Lucio, J., Paul, T., Tura, O., Blanco, I., Barbera, J. A. (2016). Plasma Levels Of Angiopoietin-2 In COPD: Effects Of Smoking And Pulmonary Hypertension. In B27. Hypoxia And The Pulmonary Vasculature: Breathless In San Francisco (pp. A3069-A3069). American Thoracic Society. Lainscak, M., Schols, A., Farkas, J., Sulz, I., Themessl-Huber, M., Laviano, A., ... Schindler, K. (2016). Weight loss, food intake and mortality in hospitalized patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD): The NutritionDay survey analysis. Walton, G. M., Culliford, A., Greenwood, H., Patel, J., McGuinness, A. J., Stockley, R. A., Sapey, E. (2016). Differences In Neutrophil Chemotactic Responses In COPD And Health, In The Stable State And During Exacerbations. In C107.Immunity, Exacerbation And Immune Cell Function IN COPD (pp. A6328-A6328).American Thoracic Society.

Business Communication in ABC Learning-Free-Samples for Students

Question: Discuss about the "The reasons for failure of your chosen Companies and how they related to Communication". Answer: Background of the Company ABC Learning Centres Limited (ABC Learning) is regarded as one of the world's largest provider of childhood education. It was founded in Brisbane, Queensland, Australia, 1988. By 2005, it became the third largest childcare operator with 467 centres in US, New Zealand and Australia and other educational facilities in south East Asia. During its tenure of regime, ABC learning has experience a meteoric rise. The main function of ABC Learning is running long day care centres for children of six-week to up to pre-school (Rush and Downie 2006). Numerous centres of ABC learning also offered before and after school care and vacation care. This government subsidized organisation also manages and owns the National Institute of Early Childhood Education that was established in the year of 1995. It provided education and training to the childcare professionals. By 2005, ABC learning expanded further via introducing the market with Judius Propriety Limited, an education equipment company (Rush an d Downie 2006). The main corporate plan of the company as expressed in ABC learning Annual Report 2004 is continuous acquisition aided by constant increase in its market share in the domain of childcare provision (Rush and Downie, 2006). It is also enlisted in Australian stock exchange in the year 2001 for its remarkable growth. Analysis of the Reasons of Failure Lack of oriental approach by the governmental officials in terms of providing the proper communication guidance to the children is the main reason for the failure of ABC learning. The policy introduced by the government officials proved wrong in terms of providing much needed care and support to the children in their budding stage. Blind reliance on stock price for funding made the company vulnerable, ultimately resulting in the unfortunate collapse in the share price. This collapse seems negligible in comparison to the thought behind the child care policies (Crikey.com.au 2017). Overlooking the specific needs and demands of the children and their families reduces the transition of the company from a community to a private one. Not organizing any debates and discussions regarding the industrial structure has deviated the company personnel from the identified and the specified objectives. This has raised doubts over the shareholders of the company, especially the government officials in terms of their actual role in providing the needed care and support to the children for their proper development (Coombs 2014). These incapabilities of the company personnel reflects their lack of understanding regarding the theoretical perspective of the government officials. Taking into consideration this approach would have yielded positive results for ABC learning in ensuring the wellbeing of the children. Running as a private child care company seemed to be fruitful in terms of gradually getting accreditation and recognition (Crikey.com.au 2017). However, there were disruptions in the plans. With the consolidation of the sector, there was a rapid expansion in the subsidies. Due to this, the main emphasis of the personnel was on getting acquisition of the child care centres instead of operating them. The governmental approach is being blamed for this tragic predicament of ABC Learning. According to the opinion of the critiques, there have been successions in the government; however, there is a lack of oriental approach nullifies the transitions and their contributions towards the development of the children. This drawback has given rise to a weak infrastructure, firming the worries of the parents regarding not to admit their children here (Crikey.com.au 2017). deviation from the plans regarding the provision of quality education to the children in their budding stage. Lack of adequate financial resources aggravated the complexities of the company in terms of introducing effective scholarships for luring the children towards the brands. Tight regulations and heavy tax obligations reflected the inability of the company personnel for introducing effective schemes for the children (Garca and Wei 2014). Conclusion This assignment proves successful in providing an insight into the communication failures encountered by ABC Learning. Delving deep into the aspect, failures in terms of providing care and support to the children is an obstacle in their development process. Lack of adequate financial resources has compelled the company to encounter losses regarding the sales revenue. The typical evidences are the heavy tax obligations and regulations in the educational curriculum. Most importantly, lack of oriental approach in organizing discussions and debates regarding the needs of the children and their families nullifies all the achievements earned by the company. This nullification adds an ombre shade to the future of the children. Recommendation The company personnel need to sit in meetings and conferences with the government officials for making effective plans regarding upgrading the standards and quality of the current educational programs. Involvement of the parents in these meetings would prove beneficial in terms of collecting their approvals regarding the undertaken steps. Using the means of social media for this purpose would be an additional assistance for the personnel in terms of expanding the customer stock (McCroskey 2015). Uploading the feedback forms in the official websites would increase the convenience of the parents in producing their feedbacks. Indulging in partnership with the members of the Trade Union would also be effective in terms of stabilizing the finance. This partnership would also strengthen the bondage between the company and the stakeholders and shareholders. This strengthening would result in the introduction of lucrative schemes, discounts and offers for the children regarding the achievement of proper development. Viewing it from the other perspective, this partnership would seem beneficial in terms of handling the demands of the government (Ozmen et al. 2016). Provision of training to the employees is also an important recommendation in this context. Training would enhance the preconceived skills, expertise and knowledge of the employees, making them flexible for handling the adverse situations in an effective and effective manner. Hiring experts for the providing the training would prove effective in terms of providing the proper guidance to the children, so that they make noticeable advancements towards their development. Along with this, evaluation of the undertaken activities would bring to the forefront the major drawbacks in the process of providing education to the children (Beebe and Masterson 2014). Maintaining consistency in the execution of evaluation would help the personnel to upgrade the standards of the educational curriculum. Using checklists and templates for this purpose would seem fruitful in terms of enhancing the clarity of the personnel regarding the undertaken steps. References Au, M. and Lam, J., 2015. Social media education: Barriers and critical issues. InTechnology in education. Transforming educational practices with technology(pp. 199-205). Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. Beebe, S.A. and Masterson, J.T., 2014.Communicating in small groups: Principles and practices. Pearson Higher Ed. Coombs, W.T., 2014.Ongoing crisis communication: Planning, managing, and responding. Sage Publications. Crikey.com.au (2017). AB learning collapse is a policy failure. Available at: https://www.crikey.com.au/2008/11/07/abc-learning-collapse-is-a-policy-failure/ [Accessed on 8th November 2017] Garca, O. and Wei, L., 2014. Translanguaging and Education. InTranslanguaging: Language, Bilingualism and Education(pp. 63-77). Palgrave Macmillan UK. Langford, R., Bonell, C., Jones, H. and Campbell, R., 2015. Obesity prevention and the Health promoting Schools framework: essential components and barriers to success.International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity,12(1), p.15. McCroskey, J.C., 2015.Introduction to rhetorical communication. Routledge. Ozmen, F., Akuzum, C., Zincirli, M. and Selcuk, G., 2016. The Communication Barriers between Teachers and Parents in Primary School s.EURASIAN JOURNAL OF EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH, (66), pp.27-46.

How U.S Relations have Impacted and Affected Pakistani

Introduction The cold war ended in 1989 and a mutual peaceful mood engulfed the universe as all parties ushered in a new era. The Berlin Wall was dismantled and a disintegration of the Soviet Union as well as new independence for the Eastern Europe countries was witnessed.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on How U.S Relations have Impacted and Affected Pakistani-Indian Relations Post Cold War specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This was a brand new start after a volatile era that would have seen the use of weapons of mass destruction that made people live in fear. It was described as the ‘End of History’ based on the fact that the gross conflicts between nations had come to a halt. 1 This paper looks at how the United States relations have impacted and effected Pakistani – Indian relations in post cold war. The cold war brought about distrust and suspicion between the United States, India, and Pakist an but the events of post cold war have changed this relationship. The United States and India have developed closer ties courtesy of factors that are directly influenced by individual leadership, domestic leadership and structural leadership. These countries now cooperate at different levels that include diplomacy, economic development, as well as strategic development. The end of the cold war led these countries to rethink their stand against each other and they came to discover that they needed to cooperate in order to move forward. However, this has not been the case with Pakistan and India who still harbor grudges against each other to date. The United States was in support for India during the cold war and this was the main reason why it provided it with military equipment for the war. However, the US failed to get the kind of support it expected from India, which was more bent towards forging ahead, and taking part in the war independently without relying on the super power. India’s non-alignment was disputable since it was a weak country as compared to the American and Soviet Union countries. The 1970s saw India ditch the United States despite her efforts to support it and joined the Soviet Union side that seemed more successful. The Soviet Union in turn supported India and protected it from its enemies. Pakistan at this time happened to be India’s archrival due to its support for the U.S. in its endeavors. Pakistan in return got favors from the United States that included military and economic assistance.Advertising Looking for essay on international relations? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The U.S. embarked on a non-proliferation process that was aimed at denying South Asia the use of nuclear weapons. India was deeply agitated by this move that was not only hypocritical but also discriminatory since the West had a right to the nuclear weapons. 2 The end of the cold war saw the c ollapse of the Soviet Union and the unresolved conflicts between India and Pakistan over Kashmir persisted. Around this time, India still harbored strong hatred for the United States that seemed to stand between them and their prosperity. To bridge the gap left by the Soviet Union, India decided to get into a closer relationship with the United States that was mutually beneficial as it hoped to get an upper hand over china, which was becoming powerful. To date, the U.S. has refused to accept India’s terms on the use of nuclear weapons and this is seen as a factor that would dent a progressive relationship between these two in future. India would want to test its nuclear weapons and use nuclear fuel, demands that the U.S is reluctant to meet. On the other hand, the United States has taken to supporting Pakistan reclaim her lost glory to appear among the most prosperous and stable countries of the world. This is among the impacts and effects that the U.S relations have on the P akistani – Indian relations in post cold war. The price that Pakistan has to pay is to support U.S. policies in the region and take part in the mitigation of nuclear proliferation. The U.S also hopes to end the enmity that has existed between India and Pakistan since time immemorial. The U.S – Pakistan relationship is however strained in that Pakistan has lost its trust for the U.S. it blames the U.S. for the violence that has escalated in the country in the recent past. 3 Pakistan got its independence in 1947 and continued to enjoy good relationships with the West. It was aligned with the Unites States and Britain and this led to its joining the British Commonwealth of Nations. It did not loose the Britons who headed some of its vital government branches like the military and high administration.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on How U.S Relations have Impacted and Affected Pakistani-Indian Relations Post Cold War specifically for you fo r only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Britain thus continued to supply Pakistan with military weapons and offered training for its troops as well. Pakistan at a point felt that it was getting a raw deal from Britain in issues that involved their archrival, India. This saw its cessation of membership from the Commonwealth in 1972 though it later rejoined in 1989. The United States regained its firm grip on Pakistan and made it a base for its military operations in South Asia. India and Pakistan went to war in 1965 and the U.S continued supporting it with military weapons. This angered India and caused their relationship to strain further and in 1971, India managed to defeat Pakistan in the civil war. The then Pakistan president, Zulfiqar Bhutto started loosing faith in the U.S. citing that it was in a position to prevent the attack by India. He thus embarked on severing ties with the United States since he felt betrayed. In 1981, President Ronald Reagan gave Pakistan US$3. 2 billion that was to cover military and economic support after 9 years of their fall out. This donation was increased to US$4.0 in 1986 and the United States continued its military and economic support for Pakistani citing that its nuclear weapons were used for peaceful purposes only. The year 1990 saw to the termination of this assistance by president George Bush as the nonproliferation agenda gained ground. Once again, Pakistan, just like India felt betrayed and discriminated upon by the U.S. and vowed to keep its nuclear weapons. 4 As the cold war came to a close, the United States lost interest in Pakistan and embarked on working out a relationship with India. This was followed by sanctions in 1990 against Pakistan to loose its nuclear weapons that ironically had been supplied by the same U.S. government. In addition, India, in the eyes of the U.S government had a greater potential for commercial, political, and strategic terms as compared to Pakistan. The then U.S. president, Bill Clinton initiated negotiations with India and this further widened the gap between Pakistan and India as Pakistan felt sidelined. 5Advertising Looking for essay on international relations? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Regardless of all this, India and Pakistan went ahead to test their nuclear weapons and the U.S did not have a choice but to lift the sanctions in 1998. In a twist of events, the U.S. renewed its interest in Pakistan as it yearned its help in combating the antiterrorist war against Afghanistan. Bearing in mind the love-hate relationship that existed between the U.S and Pakistan, the move to renew the relationship was not taken kindly. The U.S. efforts to offer it military and economic assistance was rejected and termed as â€Å"peanuts† and in order to win it back, the aid had to be increased. The U.S. did not have a choice and soon succumbed to Pakistan’s demands and increased the aid to $3.2 billions. By doing so, it could now count on Pakistan’s support in conquering Afghanistan in the nuclear weapon’s war. 6 In 1988, Moscow withdrew its troops from Afghanistan and Pakistan was thrown out in the cold by the U.S. since she was no longer important to the ir strategies. This situation did not last long since in 2001, the U.S embarked on a war against the Taliban and Al Qaeda and as usual charmed Pakistan into a relationship for convenience purposes. The U.S. needed the support of both India and Pakistan to meet its objectives. It needed India to fight the â€Å"China Threat† and Pakistan for the fight against terrorism in Afghanistan. It therefore had to work out a harmonious relationship between these two rival countries if it was to succeed. A conference to discuss nuclear weapons was suggested by Pakistan in 1991 but India declined to attend. Its main reasons were that Pakistan would renew its relationship with the U.S and India felt threatened. In addition, India felt that the nuclear weapons fight was not a South Asia thing but a global thing the U.S sought to distance itself from. India felt that to beat china, which was coming up fast, it needed its nuclear weapons. More so, it felt that Pakistan would agree to give up its nuclear weapons in exchange for favors that included diplomatic victory and this would single India out as the only country that had illegal access to nuclear weapons. This would have put it at the center of military action in the war against possession of nuclear weapons. 7 The nuclear weapons war has brought about grievous disputes between India, Pakistan, and Kashmir even in post-cold war. There has also been a boundary dispute for about 50 years with Kashmir though a peaceful resolution is being sought. The presidents of Pakistan and India even met to resolve the issue though the progress has been minimal judging from the past bitter relationship the two countries have been through. Kashmir, which is located in northwest India, has brought about a major conflict between India and Pakistan since the World War II ended. India and Pakistan were meant to be one country if Mahatma Gandhi’s wishes were followed though this was not to be. Religious differences led to the spl it where India was predominantly Hindu and Pakistan Muslim. The Kashmir area issues that was predominantly Muslim were left unresolved though two months later; India was given control over it. Pakistan was not happy with the decision and this erupted into a war between the two countries. Ceasefire was called in 1949 by the United Nations and the Kashmir territory was divided between India and Pakistan. This saw Pakistan take a third of it while the rest went to the Indian government. 8 Despite this division, India went ahead and took control over the whole of Kashmir in 1956 and this only resulted into another war with Pakistan. Most terrorist activities headed by Al Qaeda have been reported in Kashmir that is next to Afghanistan. Pakistan is in full support of these activities since it claims the Kashmir territory. This has promoted the terrorist network that the U.S. has been fighting hard and this war is now termed as â€Å"Jihad† and this has pushed matters to their worst . The region is seen to promote terrorism since it hosts the Al Qaeda groups and acts as an escape for many of its leaders such as Osama Bin Laden. 9 The United States has been fighting a hard battle with Pakistan and India as it tries to come up with good relations that will brush all the differences these two countries have aside. President Obama’s recent visit to India is a clear indication that the United States has got over its ugly past with India and seeks to turn over a new page where the two countries will be able to cooperate. This is a delicate issue though bearing in mind that Pakistan has been the U.S puppet during and after the cold war and thus India distrusts it. The border fight between the two countries over Kashmir notwithstanding. The U.S relations with these two countries is focused on reconciliating them with the aim of fighting transnational terrorism that has taken root in Kashmir. This makes these relations even more sensitive and if the U.S is to con tinue enjoying the good relations it has embarked on, there is a great need to tackle the problems that come with their rivalry first. Otherwise, if this does not happen, this will be a losing battle since peace will be elusive and instability will settle in. The U.S therefore has to be hands-on on the case of Kashmir and attempt to resolve the underlying differences between Pakistan and India. 10 Conclusion The U.S is at the center of the conflict between India and Pakistan as evidenced by this paper that focuses on how U.S relations have impacted and effected Pakistani – Indian relations in post cold war. . It has repeatedly supported Pakistan against other countries in the Soviet Union for its personal interests. It has been picking and dropping it at will and it is a pity that this comes up as a major cause of the post cold war unrest witnessed in these two South Asian countries. It is evident that U.S relations have impacted negatively on Pakistan and India. For the U.S to drop Pakistan in favor of India is seen as adoption of double standards where despite Pakistan remaining loyal, the U.S uses it for its convenience in anti-terrorism wars. No wonder the two countries have remained at logger heads even in the Kashmir’s case and appear adamant to subscribe to the cessation call of nuclear weapons. The war against terrorism will therefore remain a dream if the U.S retains the same kind of relationship with Pakistan. At the same time, the U.S may have succeeded in forming better ties with India but their varied stance on nuclear weapons could derail the progress since the goodwill generated could evaporate. Bibliography Chou, David. â€Å"U.S Policy toward India and Pakistan in the post-cold war era.† Tamkang  Journal of International Affairs 27 (2003):1-30. Fair, Christine. â€Å"Time for sober realism: Renegotiating U.S. Relations with Pakistan.†Ã‚  The Washington Quarterly, 10 August 2009, A32. Ganguly, Sumit. â€Å"The Kas hmir Conundrum.† Foreign Affairs 80 (2005): 40-45. Kapur, Paul and Ganguly, Sumit. â€Å"The transformation of U.S. – India Relations. An explanation for the rapprochement and prospects for the future.† Asian Survey  47(2007): 642-656. Keen, Emily. â€Å"India, Pakistan and Kashmir. What have been the recent developments in the dispute between India and Pakistan regarding Kashmir?† Batch News, 5 Sept 2004, A10. Kronstadt, Alan. â€Å"Pakistan – U.S. Relations.† CRS Report for Congress, 33 (2008): 4-9. Web. Laquer, Walter. â€Å"After the cold war. The euphoria did not last.† America Government,  5(2006): 2-3. Pant, Harsh. â€Å"Pakistan and Iran’s dysfunctional relationship.† Middle East Quarterly,  4 July 2009, A16. Rizvi, Hasan-Askari. â€Å"Analysis: Critical issues in India – U.S. Relations,† Daily Times, A  new voice for a new Pakistan, 7 Nov 07 2010, E2. U.S Library of Congress. â€Å"The Unit ed States – Pakistan.† Country Studies 1(2006): 1-3. Footnotes 1 Walter Laquer, â€Å"After the cold war. The euphoria did not last.† America Government 5 (2006): 2-3. 2 Paul Kapur and Sumit Ganguly, â€Å"The transformation of U.S. – India Relations. An explanation for the rapprochement and prospects for the future.† Asian Survey 47(2007):642-656. 3 Christine Fair, â€Å"Time for sober realism: Renegotiating U.S. Relations with Pakistan,† The Washington Quarterly, 10 August 2009, A32. 4 U.S Library of Congress, â€Å"The United States – Pakistan.† Country Studies 1(2006): 1-3. 5 Harsh Pant, â€Å"Pakistan and Iran’s dysfunctional relationship.† Middle East Quarterly, 4 July 2009, A16. 6 Alan Kronstadt, â€Å"Pakistan – U.S. Relations,† CRS Report for Congress 33 (2008), 4-9. 7 David Chou, â€Å"U.S Policy toward India and Pakistan in the post-cold war era.† Tamkang Journal of International Aff airs 27 (2003):1-30. 8 Sumit Ganguly, â€Å"The Kashmir Conundrum.† Foreign Affairs 80 (2005): 40-45. 9 Emily Keen, â€Å"India, Pakistan and Kashmir. What have been the recent developments in the dispute between India and Pakistan regarding Kashmir?† Batch News, 5 Sept 2004, A10. 10 â€Å"Hasan-Askari Rizvi. Analysis: Critical issues in India – U.S. Relations,† Daily Times, A new voice for a new Pakistan, 7 Nov 07 2010, E2. This essay on How U.S Relations have Impacted and Affected Pakistani-Indian Relations Post Cold War was written and submitted by user Brooke C. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

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Major Music Types in America essays Through the past two decades in American history music has led the way in its influence of pop culture. The major types that have paved the way for other forms of music have been Rap or Hip-Hop, Rock, as well as Pop. These three have certainly left their mark on todays culture, spawning television shows, magazines, and even whole networks. Musics staple left in the side of America cannot be ignored, and will be forever felt in society. Each of the three major types of music leaves its stamp on todays society in a different way. All have their own following and all have their own style. One of the biggest forms of music out there is the Rap or Hip-Hop genre of music. Since the early eighties hip-hop has be on the move as far as pushing the envelope of censorship. From the freedom rap of the early eighties to the gangsta rap of the early to mid-nineties hip-hop has definitely caught the ears of a younger generation of rebels. With its fast poetic-like lyrics, and its catchy dance beats rap has taken the music industry by storm. Rap has accumulated a following of millions of teenagers who are lured in by its trance-like beats and fresh lyrics. Hip-Hop has definitely become a force to be reckoned in todays music scene, and will be for many generations to come. Close on the heels of the rappers are the ever so controversial rock stars. Rock and Roll has been apart of American culture since the fifties and Elvis. Since then rock music has transformed and morphed into a plethora of sub genres that we now know today. Just as rappers have pushed to edge in their genre rockers have not hesitated to do the same in theirs. Artists such as Marilyn Manson, and Korn have definitely pushed the limits of the art. Today more and more rock artists are staking their claim in the rock world. Many with their own style, some just improving on the style of others, but all of ...

Leadership Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 1

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